Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract
It is a disorder in persons in which he is unable to control behaviour due to difficulty in processing neural stimuli, accompanied by an extremely high level of motor activity.
Introduction
ADHD is the most common neuro behavioural disorder of childhood which mainly affect school-aged children.
According to 4^th edition of American Psychiatric Association’s DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL (DSM-IV) ADHD is characterised by
1)    Inattention ,including distractibility and difficulty sustaining attention
2)    Poor impulse control and self-inhibitory capacity and,
3)    Motor over activity and motor restlessness.
Epidemiology
It is reported that about 5-10% of school-aged children are affected with this ADHD across the globe.
Many children with ADHD also present with comorbid psychiatric  diagnoses, including oppositional-defiant disorder, conduct disorder, learning disabilities and anxiety disorders.
Etiology
Mother of children having ADHD
Maternal drug usage.
Maternal smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy.
Hereditary genetically transformed ADHD.
Abnormal brain structures.
c/f:
Fails to give attention.
Makes careless mistakes in schoolwork  or other activities.
Does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
Does not follow through or instruction and fails to finish school work.
Has difficulty in organizing tasks and activity.
Avoids or dislikes to engage in tasks that require sustained mental efforts.
Easily distracted by external stimuli.
Forgetful in daily activities.
Fidgets of  hands or feet or squirms in seat.
Leaves seat in classrooms or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected.
Often out answers before questions have been completed.
Often has difficulty awaiting turn.
Interrupts or intrudes o other.
Differential Diagnosis
Chronic illness such as migraine headaches, absence seizures, asthma and allergies, hematologic disorders, diabetes, childhood affect up to 20% and may impair their attention either because of disease itself or because of medication used to treat the illness.
Sleep disorders including 1 to chronic upper airway obstruction from enlarged   tonsils and adenoids, frequently results in behaviour and anxiety disorder esp. when recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses or images are intrusive and normal activities.
Treatment
Psychosocial treatment by educating the parents and child with regard to ways in which ADHD can affect learning, social skills and family function.
Medication:
Psycho-stimulant medicines such as
Methylphenidate
Amphetamine
Various dextromphetamine preparations
Dexmethy/phenidate
Atomoxetive
Tricyclic antidepressants
Alpha agonist
Homeopathic medicines
Tarentula hispania
Silicea
Natrum muriaticum
Chamomilla
Thuja
Magnesium muriaticum
Abrotanum